In March, South Africa’s High Court blocked U.S. tech giant Amazon from erecting its Africa headquarters on the land of the local Goringhaicona Khoi Khoin First Nation.
高等法院法官帕特里夏·戈利亚斯(Patricia Goliath)裁定:“此事最终涉及土著人民的权利。”她认为,经济利益“永远不会覆盖原住民的基本权利。”
The decision is a major victory over Amazon, a multinational corporation that has gained notoriety for everything from联盟破坏to仓库中的大量伤害。拟议的办公室将占据两条河流的汇合,靠近放牧的土地,这些土地举办了传统的精神仪式,在200年前,土著GoringhaiCona Khoi Khoin人民在这里与第一批欧洲入侵者作战。
过去,由于殖民种族隔离的规则,南非的法院占据了土著权利,这些规则在授予采矿或商业许可时忽略了原住民的同意。法官的推理是对土著权利的希望的鼓舞人心的信号,即使面对主要的公司权力。
文化冲突和有远见的法院
为了建立总部世界上最高失业和最财务不平等in the world.
“Consultation with (all) First Nations was wholly inadequate,” says Tauriq Jenkins, high commissioner of the Goringhaicona Khoi Khoin Traditional Indigenous Council, which sued to halt construction.
法律程序还强调了在竞争土著利益以及土著国家与公司之间的权力差异方面遇到的困难。亚马逊argued已经考虑了第一民族社区的文化保护关注。作为善意的姿态,该发展将包括亚马逊所谓的药用植物的土著花园,文化和遗产媒体中心和遗产生态轨道。亚马逊认为,将近60%的物业将是开放空间,附近的运河将进行翻新。
Some First Nations agreed. The Gorinhaiqua Cultural Council, one of the largest First Nation communities in the district where Amazon hoped to construct its headquarters, welcomed the development. Amazon’s headquarters would be a victory for the Gorinhaiqua Cultural Council, Chief Zenzile Khoisan, the nation’s leader,告诉当地媒体。Ahead of the court’s verdict, insults and accusations of selling out broke out among the two First Nation groups, and things reached a low point where Chief Zenzile Khoisan accused Jenkins of not being Indigenous and South African.
Still, Goliath ruled that the Goringhaicona Khoi Khoin Traditional Indigenous Council must give or refuse their consent first.当大笔资本主义到来时,原住民经常被撕裂。
在开发方面,原住民之间的这类分歧很普遍。在加拿大西部,分裂的跨山油管道有宠坏的关系among First Nations communities so much that even as the Tsleil-Waututh Nation sued to stop the pipeline, the nearby Whispering Pines/Clinton Indian Band enthusiastically backed the pipeline, even aiming to hold shares in it. When big money capitalism arrives, First Nations are often torn apart.
进一步使战斗变得更加复杂的是,现实是,该地区提议的总部工作的需求很严重。这并不是第一次为跨国公司开放,以在全球南部开发敏感和生物学丰富的土著土地。在南非的野生海岸这是一条生物多样性的海岸线,当地土著人口是该国最贫穷的人,澳大利亚的矿产沙资源公司正在努力挖掘石油(并面临僵硬的抵抗力)。
但是那些公司的工作承诺并不总是能实现。詹金斯指出:“虽然开发商经常将6,000个工作岗位索赔,但他们承认3月18日只有750名工人在现场。”公平地说,如果建设进展,工作人数可能会增加。但这是事实:如果亚马逊遵循适当的决策过程并咨询了所有受影响的原住民,这些工作就可以而且将是创造的。
确认判决
法院同意:巨人裁定,如果未经所有第一民族社区的同意,开发继续前进,第一民族社区享有文化和遗产权的基本权利将处于危险之中。Goliath驳回了开发商声称的经济损失的想法。她认为,开发商完全意识到,当他们知道开发案件并受到诉讼的情况时,他们正在采取的诉讼风险。
在过去的十年中,潮汐在南非获得了土著权利:2018年,Xolobeni野外海岸的社区成功地认为,应禁止澳大利亚矿业公司在其所在地区挖掘石油,因为这会危及他们的文化和当地生态系统。5月,南非的高等法院阻止亚马逊寻求休假,以签一个高等法院,并向三月命令停止建设。
亚马逊should do the right thing: Consult adequately with all First Nations communities, not only those that support its investment. The courts’ support for that offers hope to First Nations everywhere. Commercial investors cannot ignore the consent of Indigenous communities.